一、綜述

現行建筑(zhu)規范(fan)規定(ding)建筑(zhu)高(gao)度超過100m的(de)建筑(zhu)屬于超高(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)。超高(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)（詞條“高(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)”由行業大(da)(da)(da)百(bai)科提供(gong)）在(zai)節約城市(shi)(shi)用地，提升城市(shi)(shi)形象，推動(dong)社(she)會(hui)投資(zi)，擴大(da)(da)(da)商旅交流等方面(mian)有(you)著特(te)殊的(de)作用和意義。被冠為集現代科技(ji)之大(da)(da)(da)成，綜(zong)合國(guo)(guo)(guo)力之象征(zheng)，城市(shi)(shi)之標志。隨著社(she)會(hui)經濟(ji)的(de)高(gao)速發展和科學技(ji)術的(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)創新，加上城市(shi)(shi)人口(kou)密(mi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)加大(da)(da)(da)的(de)特(te)有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)情，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)各大(da)(da)(da)城市(shi)(shi)的(de)超高(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)有(you)如(ru)雨后春筍(sun)，紛紛拔(ba)地而起，其高(gao)度和數量不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)被刷(shua)新。

超(chao)高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)(zhu)通常體型(xing)巨大(da)(da)，功能復雜，容納人員眾(zhong)多，且主塔樓往(wang)往(wang)平面(mian)（詞條“平面(mian)”由(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業大(da)(da)百科提(ti)供）小，層(ceng)數多，核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)筒(tong)（詞條“核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)筒(tong)”由(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業大(da)(da)百科提(ti)供）布置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理與否直接關(guan)系到建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質及使用(yong)(yong)率(lv)。在解決好(hao)至關(guan)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)結構和消防(fang)安(an)全性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，解決好(hao)建筑(zhu)(zhu)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直交通及電(dian)(dian)梯配置(zhi)(包括電(dian)(dian)梯臺數、載客(ke)量、速(su)度以(yi)及排列布置(zhi))，有效地提(ti)高(gao)(gao)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)效率(lv)和使用(yong)(yong)效率(lv)，是(shi)設計者們必須解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要課(ke)(ke)題。課(ke)(ke)題組(zu)把(ba)近年來(lai)公司(si)參與設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分超(chao)高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)(zhu)—深圳京基(ji)金(jin)融中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)大(da)(da)廈(98層(ceng)，439m高(gao)(gao))、廣州(zhou)僑(qiao)(qiao)鑫(xin)珠江新(xin)城F1-1地塊項(xiang)目(45層(ceng)，227.7m高(gao)(gao))(以(yi)下簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)僑(qiao)(qiao)鑫(xin)大(da)(da)廈)、廣州(zhou)嘉裕(yu)(yu)珠江新(xin)城F2-2之一地塊項(xiang)目(46層(ceng)，189.5m高(gao)(gao))(以(yi)下簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)嘉裕(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)廈)并將(jiang)上(shang)海金(jin)茂(mao)大(da)(da)廈(88層(ceng)，420.5m高(gao)(gao))和上(shang)海環球金(jin)融中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(101層(ceng)，492.5m高(gao)(gao))等實例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)心(xin)(xin)筒(tong)及電(dian)(dian)梯設計進行(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合分析成文，供本(ben)公司(si)設計人員參考，以(yi)起(qi)拋(pao)磚引玉之效。

二、超高層建筑的心臟 — 核心筒設計

超高層建筑(zhu)的(de)核心(xin)筒由鋼筋混(hun)凝土澆筑(zhu)而成(cheng)，集合了(le)電梯(ti)井(jing)道、消防樓梯(ti)間(jian)(jian)和前室、機(ji)電設備(bei)機(ji)房、管(guan)道井(jing)及衛生間(jian)(jian)等服務性(xing)空間(jian)(jian)，核心(xin)筒的(de)大(da)小、位置和布局與(yu)建筑(zhu)功(gong)能、建筑(zhu)體型及平(ping)面形狀等因素(su)密(mi)切相關。

2.1深圳京基金融中心

位于(yu)深圳市蔡屋圍深圳金(jin)融中(zhong)心區的京基金(jin)融中(zhong)心大廈共98層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，高度為439m，功能(neng)甲級辦(ban)公樓和白金(jin)五(wu)星級豪(hao)華(hua)酒店(dian)(dian)。1-72層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為辦(ban)公，筑面積約為17.6萬㎡ ，;75-98層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為酒店(dian)(dian)，建筑積約為4.6萬㎡ ，在(zai)75層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)的酒店(dian)(dian)部(bu)分設(she)計有內部(bu)中(zhong)庭，擁有客房(fang)(fang)289間(jian)(jian)客房(fang)(fang)圍繞(rao)中(zhong)庭環形(xing)布(bu)局，酒店(dian)(dian)接待大廳設(she)于(yu)94層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，其上(shang)為獨具特(te)色的鵝蛋形(xing)餐飲空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。大廈在(zai)18層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)19層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)兩層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、37層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)38層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)兩層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、55層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)56層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)兩層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、73層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)74層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、91層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)92層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)設(she)置了避難區及(ji)(ji)設(she)備(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，用敞(chang)開樓梯將18層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)19層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、37層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)38層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、55層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)56層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)連接成兩層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)敞(chang)開避難空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。

京(jing)基(ji)金融中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)大廈辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)層平面(mian)近(jin)似(si)為(wei)(wei)長方形，南(nan)北兩個(ge)長邊(bian)為(wei)(wei)向外的(de)(de)弧形，長邊(bian)長57.6m，短邊(bian)長約為(wei)(wei)44-49m，核心(xin)(xin)(xin)筒(tong)(tong)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)部(bu)，辦(ban)(ban)低區核心(xin)(xin)(xin)筒(tong)(tong)尺寸(cun)為(wei)(wei)37.8×23.1m，到了(le)高區由(you)于(yu)(yu)取消(xiao)了(le)從負一層及首(shou)層往返于(yu)(yu)39層及40層的(de)(de)辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)穿梭電梯，核心(xin)(xin)(xin)筒(tong)(tong)尺寸(cun)縮小為(wei)(wei)34.4×23.1m。辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)標準層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積約為(wei)(wei)2400-2600㎡ ，核心(xin)(xin)(xin)筒(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積為(wei)(wei)715-872㎡ ,整(zheng)個(ge)核心(xin)(xin)(xin)筒(tong)(tong)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)平面(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)，周邊(bian)形成采光(guang)（詞條(tiao)“采光(guang)”由(you)行(xing)業(ye)大百科提供）良好、視野開闊的(de)(de)辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)空間，辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)進深為(wei)(wei)9-13m，含公(gong)(gong)共走道(dao)面(mian)積的(de)(de)辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)達到66%-73.5%，不(bu)含公(gong)(gong)共走道(dao)面(mian)積的(de)(de)辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)約為(wei)(wei)60%。

經(jing)統計，該超高層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)筑核(he)心筒(tong)內(nei)各項服務配套(tao)功能(neng)的(de)指標包括：辦(ban)公標準(zhun)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)更(geng)多的(de)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)井(jing)道(dao)有34個(ge)(ge)(ge)，含辦(ban)公分(fen)區客用(yong)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)20臺(共(gong)(gong)4組)，辦(ban)公雙轎(jiao)廂穿(chuan)(chuan)梭(suo)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)6臺，從首層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)直(zhi)接到94層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)酒店(dian)大堂的(de)酒店(dian)穿(chuan)(chuan)梭(suo)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)4臺，消(xiao)防(fang)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)兼服務電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)2臺，從地(di)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)直(zhi)接到74層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)酒店(dian)服務層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)酒店(dian)服務電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)2臺;消(xiao)防(fang)疏散樓梯(ti)(ti)(ti)間及前室(shi)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)，其中兩(liang)部疏散樓梯(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)消(xiao)防(fang)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)前室(shi)合用(yong);公共(gong)(gong)衛生(sheng)間設(she)在分(fen)區電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)不停靠層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)廳(ting)位(wei)置(zhi)，衛生(sheng)間及茶(cha)水(shui)間的(de)建(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)約為(wei)60㎡ ，其中男衛生(sheng)間面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)25㎡ ,設(she)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)大便器、4個(ge)(ge)(ge)小便器、3個(ge)(ge)(ge)洗手盆，女(nv)衛生(sheng)間面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)23㎡ ,設(she)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)大便器、3個(ge)(ge)(ge)洗手盆，設(she)有獨(du)立的(de)無障(zhang)礙衛生(sheng)間及茶(cha)水(shui)間;空調機房兩(liang)間，面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)共(gong)(gong)為(wei)88㎡ ;新風井(jing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)12㎡ ;排(pai)(pai)風井(jing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)10㎡ ;強、弱電(dian)間面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)18 ㎡ ;給(gei)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)管井(jing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)約為(wei)6 ㎡ 。