玻(bo)璃幕(mu)墻(qiang)作為(wei)現代建筑(zhu)的(de)象征在國(guo)內得到了越來越廣泛的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。但是,玻(bo)璃幕(mu)墻(qiang)也給(gei)我們帶來了負面(mian)影響,如光污染和溫室效應(ying)(ying)等。 目前,國(guo)內外研(yan)究并推廣使(shi)用(yong)的(de)節(jie)能玻(bo)璃主要有3種:
中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)間(jian)充(chong)灌(guan)氪、氬(ya)或者(zhe)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣,其(qi)導熱系(xi)數(shu)很低,具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)。從(cong)性能(neng)(neng)和經(jing)濟方面綜合(he)考(kao)慮,中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)內腔以(yi)充(chong)灌(guan)氬(ya)為佳。我國(guo)常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)有兩種,即槽式(shi)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和復合(he)膠(jiao)條式(shi)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。然而(er),我國(guo)目前中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用普及(ji)率(lv)不足1%。中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是實現(xian)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)幕墻節能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)重要途徑。 真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)材(cai)料從(cong)單片玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),發展到真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)已(yi)是第(di)三(san)代(dai)產品。真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)當中(zhong)是普通空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣或氬(ya),其(qi)隔音性能(neng)(neng)、透光(guang)折減系(xi)數(shu)均(jun)優(you)于(yu)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。 鍍(du)(du)膜玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。鍍(du)(du)膜玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)通常(chang)是在玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)表(biao)面鍍(du)(du)上一層金屬薄(bo)膜,改變(bian)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)透射系(xi)數(shu)和反(fan)射系(xi)數(shu),它可(ke)以(yi)與中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)結合(he)起來(lai)使(shi)用。近年來(lai)發展起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)鍍(du)(du)膜低輻射玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),對380~780nm的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)見光(guang)具(ju)有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)透射率(lv),可(ke)以(yi)保(bao)證室內的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)見度(du),同時對紅外光(guang)具(ju)有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)射率(lv),達到保(bao)溫(wen)節能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)效果。 引入生態技術是使(shi)用玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)幕墻的(de)(de)(de)關鍵。“綠(lv)(lv)色科(ke)技”的(de)(de)(de)理念在于(yu)運用現(xian)代(dai)科(ke)技將玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)幕墻與建筑豎直(zhi)綠(lv)(lv)化或水平立(li)體(ti)綠(lv)(lv)化直(zhi)接掛(gua)鉤(gou),借(jie)助嵌入式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)化設計解(jie)決遮陽和通風(feng)問題(ti),可(ke)以(yi)取得一舉多得的(de)(de)(de)效果。
單塊(kuai)玻(bo)(bo)璃幕(mu)墻(qiang)綠化。更初的做(zuo)法是(shi)綠化植物倚(yi)著玻(bo)(bo)璃幕(mu)墻(qiang)而種植,這樣做(zuo)顯(xian)然可以基本達到(dao)遮陽和景觀的目的,還有一定的隔熱作用,但關鍵(jian)是(shi)沒有解決自然通(tong)風問題。
立(li)體水平綠化(hua)。所謂(wei)立(li)體水平綠化(hua),是(shi)指(zhi)在玻璃(li)幕墻的(de)不同水平間(jian)距之間(jian)實施大面積的(de)綠化(hua),例(li)如在高層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)安(an)全層(ceng)的(de)外面建(jian)空中花園(yuan)并留(liu)下通(tong)(tong)風口,雖然通(tong)(tong)風口的(de)開通(tong)(tong)未能使(shi)旁(pang)邊(bian)的(de)房間(jian)達(da)到更佳通(tong)(tong)風的(de)效果,但可以令整棟建(jian)筑(zhu)產(chan)生(sheng)氣(qi)流流通(tong)(tong)和空氣(qi)交換,整體上達(da)到良好效果。
豎直幕墻綠化。豎直幕墻綠化是把每一玻璃塊之間的豎直位置加寬,成為綠色玻璃帶,綠色玻璃帶分內外兩層,其中外層是疏通的網格狀或百葉狀的合成有機物質,能儲存大量水分,提供垂直植物(如爬山虎、吊蘭等),利用植物根部水分的吸收及吸附作用,讓植物生長在幕墻的鋼架之間或玻璃塊之間;內層是可閉合、可開放的百葉窗,其用途是在適當的時候避免外界的影響。總之,建筑綠化相(xiang)(xiang)對玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)幕(mu)(mu)(mu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)來(lai)說(shuo),既能解(jie)決光污染的(de)(de)問題,又能解(jie)決溫(wen)室效應(ying)。具體(ti)來(lai)講,它強化了幕(mu)(mu)(mu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)與周圍空氣和外(wai)界環(huan)境間的(de)(de)對流(liu)換(huan)熱(re)、幕(mu)(mu)(mu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)與室內(nei)空氣和室內(nei)環(huan)境間的(de)(de)換(huan)熱(re)、幕(mu)(mu)(mu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和金(jin)屬框格的(de)(de)傳熱(re)、通過玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)鍍(du)膜(mo)層減(jian)少的(de)(de)輻射(she)換(huan)熱(re)等。實際(ji)測量數據表(biao)(biao)明,墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)設置了爬墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)植物(wu),夏(xia)季其(qi)外(wai)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)晝(zhou)夜平均溫(wen)度由(you)35.1℃降(jiang)到30.7℃,相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)4.4℃;墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)內(nei)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)溫(wen)度相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)由(you)30.0℃降(jiang)到29.1℃,相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)0.9℃。由(you)于(yu)(yu)建筑附近的(de)(de)葉(xie)面(mian)(mian)蒸(zheng)發作(zuo)用(yong)而帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)降(jiang)溫(wen)效應(ying),還(huan)會使墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)溫(wen)度略(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)氣溫(wen)(約(yue)1.6℃)。顯然,綠化對墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)和室內(nei)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)影響是極其(qi)重要的(de)(de),也增添了建筑物(wu)的(de)(de)藝術美。
在(zai)玻(bo)璃(li)幕墻上設置(zhi)遮陽系(xi)統,可以更大限度地減少陽光(guang)的直(zhi)接照射(she),從(cong)而(er)避免(mian)室內過熱,是(shi)建(jian)筑防熱的主(zhu)要(yao)措施之一。對現代高層建(jian)筑外圍護結(jie)構的能耗進行分(fen)析可以得出以下(xia)一些結(jie)論(lun)。
外墻(qiang)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)窗率是(shi)(shi)外墻(qiang)節(jie)能的(de)(de)更重要(yao)(yao)因素,降(jiang)低開(kai)(kai)窗率是(shi)(shi)節(jie)能的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)手段(duan),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)降(jiang)低開(kai)(kai)窗率也要(yao)(yao)確保適當(dang)的(de)(de)自(zi)然采(cai)光,還要(yao)(yao)免除心(xin)理的(de)(de)封閉(bi)感。但(dan)是(shi)(shi),對于追求通(tong)透(tou)效果的(de)(de)玻璃幕墻(qiang)而言,只能采(cai)用降(jiang)低開(kai)(kai)窗面積并加強不(bu)透(tou)光地方的(de)(de)隔熱設計來達到節(jie)能要(yao)(yao)求。
外(wai)(wai)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)和玻璃遮(zhe)(zhe)蔽是外(wai)(wai)墻節(jie)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個重(zhong)要(yao)因素,從國內(nei)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)實例中便(bian)可(ke)看出,傳統外(wai)(wai)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)分為4種:水(shui)平遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)、垂直遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)、綜合遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)和擋板遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)。采(cai)用(yong)什么形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),主(zhu)要(yao)根(gen)據建筑(zhu)(zhu)外(wai)(wai)窗的(de)(de)(de)(de)朝向(xiang)來(lai)確定,但這幾種遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造型和使用(yong)功(gong)能(neng)有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing)。目前(qian),建筑(zhu)(zhu)市場上(shang)已經涌現(xian)出越來(lai)越多新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)調(diao)節(jie)式(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)。可(ke)調(diao)節(jie)式(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)可(ke)以(yi)根(gen)據不(bu)同(tong)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)把遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)構件放下(xia)或收起,可(ke)以(yi)調(diao)節(jie)室內(nei)光線,還可(ke)以(yi)靈活(huo)地解決建筑(zhu)(zhu)冬季與夏季對太陽(yang)需(xu)(xu)求不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾,并(bing)且外(wai)(wai)形(xing)(xing)時尚美觀,使用(yong)方便(bian),同(tong)時還具有(you)減噪、減塵(chen)和防(fang)污染(ran)等多種功(gong)能(neng)